Care in Families Essay - 1444 Words

There are a number of factors that contribute and create inequality to the ability and responsibility of care that caregivers’ face. This assignment paper will concentrate on the four main factors, namely; the historical background shaping family formation, gender patterns of provision of care, contemporary living arrangements and lastly state involvement in providing care. The historical background will look at Apartheid and how it has shaped families. With gender it will look at who is most likely to provide the care; mother or father. Contemporary living arrangements will look at the modern forms of living and the state involvement will look at where the government should come in when providing care and where it does come in when†¦show more content†¦So therefore the system of Apartheid had led to men leaving their homes and families for months on end, forcing the women and mothers to take on the extra responsibility of caring and proving for their families. Taking into consideration that Apartheid had shaped African mothers to be the predominant carer (Moore, E, 2013). Across the world the rise of single mother headed household had tripled from 1972 to 2006 which could be for a number of reasons, namely; divorce, separation, death and choice of unmarried woman to have a child (Marcinos, J, and Plummer, K. 2012). Another explanation for the increasing rates of single mother households as said by Wilson, 1987 in Cohen 2004, based on evidence in the US, women face a shortage of ‘marriage-able’ men, especially when combined with the effects of higher black mortality, imprisonment and chronic unemployment, thus creating the unlikelihood of a black woman finding a man (Cohen, P.2004) and with the shortage of mates it further limits the creation of nuclear families which lead to a lack of financial resources causing the growth of extended family households (Cohen, p. 2004). Although the fact that woman have started entering the labour force have strengthened their financial stability, however it has implications, as lone-parenthood increases the risk of poverty- especially if the parent is a woman, as it limits the woman’s ability to work andShow MoreRelatedThe And Family Centered Care815 Words   |  4 Pagespatient- and family-centered care model recognizes the patient and family relationship as an inseparable entity.1 Encouraging unrestrictive family presence through open visitation practices can ensure critical care patients and their families are provided with the opportunity to maintain communication, actively participate in the decision-making process, and assist with the provision of care.1 Despite professional organizations for critical care nursing advocating for unrestrictive family presence,Read MoreCare, The Dying, And Their Families1537 Words   |  7 Pages Care, the dying, and their families The most important principle that can help to guide people who care for the dying and bereaved is care. Care for the dying and care for the families, this is not to undermine the empathy, support, and understanding that is needed. â€Å"All social workers, regardless of practice settings, will inevitably work with clients facing acute or long-term situations involving life-limiting illness, dying, death, grief, and bereavement. Using their expertiseRead MoreFamily Centred Care2050 Words   |  9 Pagesthe whole family and not just the patient. The following case study of Omid s story: The Power of Family-Centered Care highlights the positive and negative aspects of their family’s healthcare experiences , and models of family nursing and concepts of family-centred care. By comparing the theories and models to what is currently put into practice by today’s nurses and healthcare providers a better outcome for this family is idealized. Nursing Care has Resounding Effects on a Family In thisRead MoreFamily Centered Care : A Belief That The Health Care Staff And The Family1341 Words   |  6 PagesFamily centered care is a belief that the health care staff and the family should work together in order to meet the needs of the patient. By working together, the patient receives the best care while respecting the choices of the family. Nurses must provide dignity and respect by listening to values, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds to provide the best care plan (St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, n.d.). Nurses must communicate unbiased, accurate information to the patient and their family inRead MoreFamily Centered Care : A Belief That The Health Care Staff And The Family1010 Words   |  5 PagesFamily centered care is a belief that the health care staff and the family should work together in order to meet the needs of the patient. By working together, the patient receives the best care while respecting the choices of the family. Nurses must provide digni ty and respect by listening to values, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds to provide the best care plan (St Jude Children’s Research Hosptial, 2016). Nurses must communicate unbiased, accurate information to the patient and their family inRead MoreFamily Centered Care At The Hospital992 Words   |  4 PagesDuring a patient stay in the hospital the most important care given is to encourage family centered care. Last year, my younger sister had reoccurring strep throat. Which lead to her decision to get her tonsils removed. My sister is terrified of needles and the idea of a hospital makes her jump out of her skin; she can be a horrible patient. While being admitted the nurse was very kind and patient. 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My sister is terrified of needles and the idea of a hospital makes her jump out of her skin; she can be a horrible patient. While being admitted the nurse was very kind and patient. Her nurse needed to get an IV into her arm; while doing this the nurse explained everything that sheRead MoreThe Importance Of A Job And Care Of The Family956 Words   |  4 Pagesare many families in the United States that are striving hard to take care of their families, financial obligation, and are finding it difficult to balance the obligation required by both work and their families. The threat of losing a job, or jeopardizing progressing up the ladder due to illness, pregnancy, or taking care of loved ones leaves many moms and dads having to decide between their jobs and their families (Bekkhus, et al., 2011)1. 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The Vaccine Safety Study Act - 1578 Words

Vaccine Safety Study Act Rosemary Gyasi Howard University College of Nursing and Allied Health Health Policy and Economics The Vaccine safety study act was designated to a congressional committee over a year ago on April 5, 2013. The congressional committee will then analyze the issue before passing it on to the Senate or the house for further discussion. Some of the issues discussed in the bill various vaccine programs, keeping track of the number of children, infants, and pregnant women, young and older adults who have received vaccinations over the years. It also discussed the difference that existed between individuals who have received and declined vaccination due to personal reasons. Another issue that was discussed in this bill the research or study between multiple vaccine interactions and how it is affecting children receiving many vaccinations. The objective of the bill is to â€Å" direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct or support a comprehensive study comparing total health outcomes, including risk of autism, in vaccinated populations in the United States with such outc omes in unvaccinated populations in the United States, and for other purposes† (Posey, 2014). The bill seeks to create an awareness of policy makers on the safety of vaccinated population in the United States. The outcome of this bill is for the public to have continued assurance in public health programs by examining vaccination interactions. In addition,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Anti-Vaccine Movement: An Ongoing Battle1303 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Vaccine Movement: An Ongoing Battle Should children’s health be at risk for the greater good of community health? 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To understand why vaccinations are so important, it is important to understand what immunityRead MoreVaccination Safety And Necessity Has Been Debated For Years1551 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccination safety and necessity has been debated for years. Vaccine supporters claim they are completely safe and necessary for everyone. People against vaccines question their safety and feel it should be a personal choice. While some vaccines are for personal safety, others are for the safety of society and should be given to the majority of people to avoid previously eradicated diseases from coming back and killing off thousands, even millions of people. Vaccinations are an asset to our healthcareRead MoreThe Benefits of Vaccinations Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Vaccines against diphtheria, polio, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella, and more recent additions of hepatitis B and chicken pox, have given humans powerful immune guards to ward off unwelcome sickness. And thanks to state laws that require vaccinations for kids enrolling in kindergarten, the U.S. presently enjoys the highest immunization rate ever at 77%. Yet bubbling beneath these national numbers is the question about vaccine safety. Driven by claims that vaccinations canRead MoreVaccines And Autism : A Tale Of Shifting Hypotheses905 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of vaccines recommended by health care professionals and government agencies has increased rapidly since 1980. Furthermore, vaccines have also changed in how they are made, which is unknown or poorly understood by the general public. While reviewing the literature, this was shown in the article, â€Å"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses†, by Gerber Offit (2009), where they discuss how vaccin es have changed overtime. 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A vaccine is a medical injection meant to promote the body’s natural construction of certain antibodies that ultimately prevent or control certain diseases in the body, such as the flu or chickenpox. Vaccines are controversial because of the harmful side effects, contradicting medical researchRead More The Importance of Childhood Vaccination Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesroughly 1979 (â€Å"Childhood†). Largely centered around a study published in 1998 in the British medical journal â€Å"The Lancet†, there has been an upsurge in concerns of the safety of vaccinations and a resulting decrease in their usage, which has lead to a somewhat anachronistic return of these diseases. While some parents concerns over the safety of vaccinations are based upon the well-intentioned desire to k eep children safe from autism, the act of not vaccinating children actually causes far greaterRead MoreThe First Vaccination For Smallpox Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe first vaccination for smallpox was discovered in 1796 by Edward Jenner; since then there have been arguments over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of all vaccinations. A vaccination is a killed or weakened organism that is used to create immunity that protects you from a particular disease without causing the suffering from the disease itself. Immunizations have saved more than a billon lives and protected civilians in the United States from life threatening diseases. During theRead More Vaccinations Necessary to the Nation’s Youth Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesvariolation, which meant intentionally exposing a virus to create immunity. In 1976, Dr. Edward Jenner used this concept to create the first contemporary vaccine. He managed to do this by obtaining cowpox matter from the arm of a dairy previously infected with smallpox, and introduced the sample into the arm of a healthy young boy. Miraculously, the vaccine made the boy immune to smallpox, and just like that the modern medicine forever changed (Binski 10). Other medical professionals realized that introducing

Analysis of a Pepsi Advertisement Free Essays

Pepsi attempts to relate to their target audience by appealing to the sentimental side in all of us. In their ad they target the desires and beliefs and values of every American child and the child within all of us by using the symbolic images of the Christmas season and the magic that season brings with it. In this advertisement for Pepsi, a Teddy Bear is seen hanging on a string of lights on a Christmas tree with one hand while with the other he is reaching for the open Pepsi with a candy cane. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of a Pepsi Advertisement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This advertisement for Pepsi is trying to evoke emotions and to link those emotions to their product. One look at this ad and immediately the â€Å"awww†¦. † Factor is engaged. They do a very good job linking their product to a magical season and the special emotions associated with this season that brings out the child in all of us. When you look at the ad even closer you see the warm crackling fire in the background, bringing about the warm feelings of hearth and home and the nostalgic feelings associated with these subtle but powerful images. By using the Christmas season in their ad they get you to transfer the feelings that this magical season brings out in all of us to their product. They want you to believe that their product is so magical, so desirable and a good representation of a family oriented product by using the images of hearth and home at the most magical time of year. They link to the desires and feeling of what the average family oriented American wants or should want (if you are to believe the advertising industry) by using these powerful images. They want you to transfer the nostalgic feeling of family, hearth and home to their product. They go even further with the use of another powerful childhood image and an icon in American culture, the Teddy Bear, to relate to the inner child in all of us. The Teddy bear is seen in the ad reaching for what he most desires, the candy cane by using the tools that are readily at his disposal, in this case, a candy cane, (another powerful symbol of the season) to reach what he wants so bad. How to cite Analysis of a Pepsi Advertisement, Essay examples

Fundamentals of Investing

Question: Discuss about theFundamentals of Investing. Answer: Introduction: Recommendations Made to Mr. X Based on the Analysis: The overall evaluations regarding different types of investment proposals can be offered to Mr. X which might assist him to identify the best prospect of investment opportunity. On the other hand, the on the whole investment, which can be implemented by Mr. X is further assessed. In this context Mr X is convinced to allocated fund of SGD 1.3 million to ENBL, which may assist in enhancing the yield from investment and supporting his possible future requirements. After attending the dinner presentations, which was conducted by AHPL, some vital informations was collected by Mr. X. When the first alternative for investment is taken into the account the yield after two year period would be 24%. Hence, the annual amount of investment return can be considered 12%. Anson Home Pte Ltd would be making investment in German corporations, which is well- established and has the reputation of offering good returns for more than a period of eight years. It was understood that that the investment will offer 100% protections and will consider all the rights of the investors under the coverage of insurance. The amount of return that will be offered annually by Anson Home Pte Ltd is 12%. This would enable Mr. X to receive return at the end of the first year of investment. Return generated at the end of first year will be 1 year = 13% of 1.3 million = .156 and return at the end of the second year .156 as the investment is made over for the time frame of two years, the principle amount of investment would be returned at the end of second year. It must be noted that the investment proposal is fulfilling the criterion of being completely risk free of the currency and real estate. However, the return from investment is dependent on the German economy and it cannot be considered as certain due several reasons. Advantages of Investing: It is noted that Anson Ltd is providing high rate of return of 24% under a short period. There are no suspicions in the German market and hence the investors are not potentially exposed to any kind of real estate risk as the investors are covered under the insurance policy. Therefore, Mr. X can be assured of the return from any unforeseen circumstances arises under the German economy. Disadvantages of Investment: It is evident that any sort of investment is not free of market risk. However, the anticipated amount of yield or return that will be generated from the investment made in Anson Ltd is not guaranteed (Aouni, et al., 2014). The return generated is affected by the numerous elements in the form of political risk and political uncertainty. Mr. X. is keen on making an investment as it offers a insurance coverage with high rate of return. Furthermore, the merits and demerits of investment in German corporations could be concluded below; The opportunity for investment is mouth watering and may provide the required amount of return, which is needed by Mr. X. in order to, assist his future prospect. The investment opportunity predicts high rate of returns, which could be enjoyed by Mr. X under a single portfolio. The overall investment under the solitary German corporations may potentially increase the risk of portfolio, which may reduce the desired amount of return from investment. The investment opportunity could assist Mr. X to generate around 0.156 million at the initial year of investment. The estimated return from investment made may certainly assist Mr. X to generate the desired amount return from the investment. However, the solitary disadvantages that is associated is the overall rate of inflation prevailing in Singapore which stood 3% per annum, and has the potentiality to effect the yearly income yielded from investment. Investment in Anson Home Pte Ltd and Ever strong National Bank Ltd may only provide return from investment but also has the capacity to maximize the concerned risk in investment (Bingham Kiesel, 2013).. The opportunity to invest is dependent on the tendency of investors making investment. Below listed is the overall portfolio division is mentioned below by ENBL; Local stocks= 65% Bonds = 15% Foreign stock = 15% Cash and foreign currencies equivalent= 5% The allocation of asset as per the above proposition of the investment option Asset allocation for Mr. X, as advised by Mr. Billy = (.65*1.3 + .15*1.3 + .15*1.3 + .05*1.3) = ( .845 + .195 + .195 + .65 ) Table 1: showing the portfolio construction of Mr. X (Source: As mentioned in case study) The suggested portfolio management mainly portrays the amount of return generated for Mr. X as depicted by the financial advisors of ENBL. Local stocks= 21% Bonds = 12% Foreign stock = 50% Foreign Fixed interest rate bonds = 15% Cash and foreign currencies equivalent= 2% The allocation of asset as per the above proposition of the investment option Asset allocation for Mr. X, as advised by Mr. Billy = (.21*1.3 + .12*1.3 + .50*1.3 + .15*1.3 + .02*1.3) = ( .34 + .156 + .65 + .195 + 0.026 ) Table 2: showing the portfolio constructions of Mr. X (Source: Created by Author) The above stated table illustrates the overall portfolio, which could be effectively depicted for Mr. X may help in yielding higher rate of return from investment. The recommended investment opportunity may be helpful in improving the profitability of Mr. X. the suggested portfolio may represents an increase in investment in foreign equities and fixed interest rate bonds, which may assist Mr. X to generate high amount of revenue. Figure 1: Comparison of return from investment Figure 2: Comparison of return of S P 500 index with rising Market From the above stated figure, the overall amount of investment, which could be generated from the rising market, can be easily evaluated. It can be observed that the portfolio of Mr. X may increase with the rise of foreign market equities in order to generate high rate of return from investment. Furthermore, risk, which may generate from the equity market may be exposed to the portfolio, may maximize the overall profit from such investment, and reduces the risk of investment. As mentioned by (Fabozzi Mann, 2012) effective analysis of portfolio, investment could lower the risk from investment, which may essentially assist in generating high rate of return. It is recommended that Mr. X should invest in National Bank Ltd as the desired amount of return is not high but he can expect an average annual growth rate of 7-12% of the fund invested (Hull, 2012). The risk can be managed and can be effectively balanced by including and excluding the assets, which directly determines the performa nce of the portfolio. Reference List: Aouni, B., Colapinto, C., La Torre, D. (2014). Financial portfolio management through the goal programming model: Current state-of-the-art.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), 536-545. Bingham, N. H., Kiesel, R. (2013).Risk-neutral valuation: Pricing and hedging of financial derivatives. Springer Science Business Media. Bolton, P., Chen, H., Wang, N. (2013). Market timing, investment, and risk management.Journal of Financial Economics,109(1), 40-62. Fabozzi, F. J., Mann, S. V. (2012).The handbook of fixed income securities. McGraw Hill Professional. Georgarakos, D., Inderst, R. (2014). Financial advice and stock market participation.Available at SSRN 1641302. Hull, J. (2012).Risk Management and Financial Institutions, (Vol. 733). John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Rutkauskas, A. V., Stasytyte, V., Borisova, J. (2015). Adequate Portfolio As A Conceptual Model Of Investment Profitability, Risk And Reliability Adjustment To Investor S Interests.Economics and Management, (14), 1170-1174.

Problem Based Exercise †Law an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Problem Based Exercise – Law Question One Arthur had a right not to pay for Victor's expenses amounting to $1000 as agreed since he did not honor his agreement of buying any Pro Hart landscape style painting at the auction sale. There was a contract between Arthur and Victor that stated that Arthur was to pay Victor's expenses and a fee of $1000 if Victor succeeded in acquiring a Pro Hart Landscape Style painting. A contract is an agreement between two or more persons which is intended to create legally binding obligations. The word binding is used for there are some contracts which are valid and yet they are not enforceable. For this case, according to the contract, Arthur was to pay Victor's expense of attending an auction sale and a fee of $1000 if he bought any Pro Hart landscape style painting. Need essay sample on "Problem Based Exercise Law" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Arthur was not entitled to pay Victor the agreed some of money since he did not buy any Pro Hart landscape style painting as agreed as he instead bought one of Pro's Hart's child. Victor breached the contract. A contract may be breached by discharge or failure of one of the parties to a contract to perform his obligation under the contract. Although every breach of contract provides remedies to the innocent party, this does not necessarily discharge the contract. Thus, if a party breaks a term of contract going to its root, known as a condition, the other party will be released from his obligations under the contract, known as warranty; the innocent party will therefore not be released from performance and can only claim damages. But for this case, Arthur will only be released from his obligation under the contract. On the issue that Victor bought the painting believing to have been one of Pro Hart painting is under misrepresentation. The circumstance under which a contract, which is apparently complete and valid is vitiated are: mistake; misrepresentation; duress and undue influence. The presence of one of these factors in a contract renders the contract void or voidable. For example, a contract entered into due to a mistake of fact is void, while a contract effected by misrepresentation, duress or undue influence is voidable whereby it is set aside by one of the parties subject to certain conditions. The preliminary negotiations before a formal offer is made include statements of two kinds: those which become part of the contract, and are known as the terms of the contract and those which do not become terms of the contract, but nevertheless play an important role in including the parties entering into a contract. Such terms are known as mere representation if the representation is untrue. Misrepresentation does not render the contract void, but the party misled will be able to avoid the contract by proving that misrepresentation was of fundamental fact, not of law. A representation of law is not actionable merely because it turns out to be misleading or wrong. Where A tells B that a contract of guarantee, which subsequently proves unenforceable, B cannot sue A for fraudulent misrepresentation, as misrepresentation of law is not actionable. Misrepresentation occurs when a party to a contract is induced to contract with another by a misleading statement made by the second party. The false representation is not restricted to words, and may be made by the conduct of the parties. Misled person relies on his own judgment if the person on whom the fraud was practiced was not in actual fact deceived and acted on his own judgment, he has no legal ground to plead that he relied on the misrepresentation, even though he had been negligent. He can still get the contract set aside and claim damages. A relevant case studied is that of With vs. O'Flanagan of 1936. "In this case, With was induced to buy F's medical practice on the representation that it was worth 2000 a year. The representation was made in January, but the contract was completed in May. In the meantime, due to F's illness, his income from the practice was not more than 5 a week. It was held that the contract could have been avoided owing to F's failure to disclose the substantial reduction in his practice." As for the Arthur, he should give back the painting to the auctioneers since they misrepresented the painting to be that of Pro Harts and it actually turned out to be of his children. Question Two In the case between Carlill vs. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. of 1893, the company had advertised for a reward of 100 to anyone who was to contract influenza after using their smoke ball for a fortnight. Mrs. Carlill won the case since she bought the smoke and used them as prescribed and still contracted influenza. In this case, Carbolic Smoke Ball Company may argue that the advertisement was merely an advertising puff but not an offer. This was merely a way of advertising for their products and wanted just to induce people to buy their product by showing them that they were willing to pay that much in anyone contracted influenza after using their product. The reward in question was a very high amount and it was unreasonable for one to believe that he would be given such amount as advertised. Question Three On the case where Hedley sold his accountancy consultancy firm, there was a contract that was entered between Hedley and Dither. For this case, both parties were to honor their promise as per the contract failure to which the defaulting party can be sued for breach of contract. A contract which was intended to creating a legally binding obligation ought to be binding, failure to which, the contract will be enforceable by a court of law. When Hedley entered into an agreement with Dither during the sale of his business, there was an intention of creating a legal relation between them. For this case, they agreed that Hedley should not practice his accounting consultancy within a radius of 300 kilometers from Clare for a period of 4 years. Hedley breached this contract since he open a similar business in Gawler, approximately 70 kilometers from Clare. For this case, he ought to have open a similar office within that radius after 4 years had expired after the sale if his business. Dither should sue him for breach of contract and he will be entitled for remedies for breach of contract. In such circumstance the court will rule on an injunction since Hedley should not start a business with a radius of 300 kilometers from Clare since he was to interfere with the business he had sold to Dither. A relevant case on injunction was that of Warner Brothers vs. Nelson of 1937. "In this case N, a film actress was contracted to work for the plaintiff for one year, agreeing not to work for anyone else during that period. She made a breach of contract and worked for a rival company. The court refused to force N to work for the plaintiff, but an injunction was granted to prevent her from working with someone else." The court will not, however enforce contract by injunction if damages are a more suitable remedy since it can always award damages in lieu of an injunction. The best remedy available to Dither is an injunction so as to restrain Hedley from putting up a similar business with a radius of 300 kilometers as per the contract. References Bohnet, I., S. Huck and B. S. Frey (1999). More Order With Less Law: On Contract Enforcement and Crowding. Mimeo. Kennedy School of Law. Harvard University. Emanuel, S. L. (2004): Fundamental of Business Law, 4th Edn, New York, Educational Publisher Emerson R. W (2003): Business Law, 5th Edn, New York, Educational Publisher Jertz, A., Miller L. R, (2004): Fundamentals of Business Law, 3rd Edn, New York, Macmillan Publisher Kronman, A.T (1985); Contract Law and the State of Nature, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1 (spring, 1985), pp. 5-32 McKendrick, E. (2005): Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford: University Press Saleemi, N. A, (1992), Elements of Law, 2nd Edn, Nairobi, N.A, Saleemi Publishers Penrose, R (2005): Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, New York, Longman Publisher

Housing Problems and Options for Improvement essays

Housing Problems and Options for Improvement essays Everyone needs a house. Rich people poor people; all people are included. This is a problem, because housing costs a great deal of money. Poor people that can barely afford food and clothing also have a difficult time finding affordable housing. As a result, some live in unsafe and unsanitary conditions that are badly in need of repair. As we read in several Los Angeles Times articles, there are many people here in the Valley that live in places like these, and that live way below the poverty line. Many of these unkempt dwellings reside in the inner city of large urban areas, such as Los Angeles, Philadelphia or Chicago. According to our textbook, Urban Economics, (page 338) Poverty rates in the central city are about two times higher then the poverty rates for suburban areas. In some metropolitan areas, the differences in poverty rates are even higher. Poor people reside in the central city for two different reasons, according to discussions on various economic models from lecture. First, the farther away that you get from the central business district, the higher your transportation costs to get to your job (assuming that the job is located in the CBD). If you can not afford to commute to your work, you will be unable to keep your job, making you worse off economically. Therefore, you would chose to locate your residence close to your place of employment (closer to the CBD) in order to reduce your transportation costs. IF you live close enough to your place of employment, you may not need to use any form of transportation other then your feet, which doesnt cost you anything but your time. The second reason has to do with where new houses are built. New homes are built on land that was previously undeveloped, usually located on the outer edge of the residential district, furthest away from the central business district. The wealthiest people move into these new homes, leaving the upper middle class to move ...

Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Karl Marx - Essay Example In the capitalist economy, Marx maintained that the worker was isolated from their labor, the product of their labor, and the conditions of their labor; that this isolation made it impossible for the worker to utilize their natural productive capacity. Marx particularly questions features of the capitalist economy such as the class system and currency. He maintains that history is the product of an ongoing struggle between masters and slaves; carried on between the bourgeois and the workers during the lifetime of Marx. Similarly, Marx identifies money as a force destructive to the worker's innate capacity. Both money and class hinder the ability of the worker to realize their full potential. According to Marx, the class struggle was destructive to production because one class always exploited the other and opposed their interests. In many respects, Marx considered that the struggle between classes created the alienation of the worker from his work. By being subjected to the rule of a master class, the worker is alienated from his work because he does not benefit directly from it. The worker is isolated from the product of his labor by the sense that his work is for someone else's benefit. Marx considered money to have a similar effect, if a more dramatic.

Compare and contrast the impact of late-19th and early-20th century Essay

Compare and contrast the impact of late-19th and early-20th century industrialization with that of late-20th and early-21st cent - Essay Example Division of labour is a key element in industrialization as it is essential to economic growth. On the other hand, globalization refers to the international integration resulting from interchange of world opinions, ideas, products, and general aspects of culture and religion1. Specifically, developments in telecommunication and infrastructure, use of the internet are the core drivers of globalization. This paper will focus on both positive and negative effects of industrialization as well as globalization. It will seek to establish the level of similar effects at the two different phases. By 1750 industrialization introduced mass production as several products could be manufactured as a go. This is because machinery replaced human labour and machinery could not get tired as human nature2. Therefore, machines could work longer hours as well as executing work that were initially done by several workers. Within 20th century, the emergency of globalization, production was made mare effec tive and faster processes as high advanced machines could be automated and function without human interference. Globalization enables production of as particular product in a different location with same qualities. This is because processes are duplicable and franchises are common. Both industrialization and globalization provided education and civilization to people. Before 1750, people were illiterate and primitive as they did not know the importance of education, schools were a rear commodity, and there were no resource centers to educate people on the importance of knowledge. With the rise of industrialization, people were getting aware of education, schools were set up, and children sent to school. Though learning institutions were available, children preferred going to work at the farms than going to school. During 20th and 21 centuruy, schools were available to every individual willing to advance knowledge; schools introduced exchange programs as international students would go on exchange academic programs within different country or even continent3. In addition, people are willing to learn as it is general knowledge that only the well-educated people scoop top jobs. Concisely, people associate education with a successful career contrary to industrialization. Both industrialization and globalization have a negative impact on the environment. They emit pollutants to water, air, soil, and atmosphere in general. Industrialization exposed people to a lot of noise from machineries, as most of the machines were crude and produced a lot of noise. This resulted to either permanent or partial hearing impairment to workers. By 1800, Mining was a substantial business whereby miners left open trenches after the mining process. This was dangerous to children and even adults as could cause accidents and deaths. Chemicals used in farms polluted soil and were mainly disposed to rivers. This act endangered the life of fish and other aquatic animals as well as human bei ng because water treatment was rare and rivers were the only source of water. The machinery used during industrialization was crude and could produce a lot of smoke hence polluting the air as coal was the main source of energy. On the other hand, globalization had same pollution challenges although less damaging than during industrialization because machineries were more developed hence could emit small smoke, water treatment

Press release assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Press release assignment - Essay Example That is a key element in a successful press release. Another key element is to talk up why both companies are good for one another, how do the two companies complement each other? You need to indicate the similarities they have but also how is each the missing piece of the puzzle for the other. The final element is to tell shareholders how this will effect their bottomline. The reason people invest money in companies is because they want a return on their profit. Shareholders want to know how much money will they make from this? If all of this can be done, the deal will probably be approved. It is important to remember that how the deal is reflected in the press can have a direct influence on the price of the companies shares. Most investors get much of their information from reading business journals and newspapers. They care what reporters and analysts think. The key message from such press releases is to be very positive. Examples: Dow Jones- New Corp. http://www.scribd.com/doc/219699/Official-Dow-JonesNews-Corp-Merger-Press-Release HP – Compaq http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2001/010904a.html Avaya – Silver Lake http://www.avaya.com/gcm/master-usa/en-us/corporate/pressroom/pressreleases/2007/pr-070604a.htm Intel – McAfee http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2010/08/19/intel-to-acquire-mcafee Question 2 Write the press release. 350 words. Press Release For immediate Release: 12th January 2011 BHP Billiton to acquire Anadarko Petroleum for $10 billion. BHP Billiton and Anadarko Petroleum today announced that they have entered into a clear and unambigious agreement under which BHP Billiton will purchase Anadarko Petroleum shares at a price of $55.90 per share of Anadarko Petroleum common stock in cash. The transaction has been approved by both BHP and Anadarko Petroleum boards of directors. It will be a boon to investors. The combination of BHP’s global scale and financial strength with Anadarko Petroleum excellent management and oil fields will certainly enh ance BHP’s ability to participate more aggressively in the oil and gas markets. Anadarko Petroleum's natural gas fields are particularly appealing as this is a fast growing sector of the energy market. This is truly a great deal. Anadarko Petroleum is one of the finest companies out there. â€Å"Anadarko Petroleum's innovative gas-capturing technology is ideal to expand BHP’s profit in this sector,† said Joe Davids, CEO of BHP Billiton. â€Å"This is going to be an excellent deal for everyone involved. Throughout the negotiations we have had the best interests of shareholders in mind.† The merger will happen soon, he said, and much of Anadarko's staff will join BHP. The new head office will be BHP's current office. The new company will be called BHP Billiton. Most of Anadarko's management will be kept on. The new company will work quickly to develop new plans and seize on new opportunities. â€Å"BHP is a world leader in so many sectors,† said J.D. McDade, CEO of Anadarko Petroleum. â€Å"It is a true pleasure to join them on this remarkable adventure. We are happy to join the BHP family. The best is yet to come.† Under the terms of the acquisition, Anadarko Petroleum stockholders will receive $55.90 in cash for each share of Anadarko Petroleum common stock that they hold at the closing of the deal. The acquisition is subject to customary closing conditions, including and not limited to the receipt of domestic and foreign regulatory approvals and the approval of Anadarko Petroleum's stockholders. There are a number of pro forma regulatory conditions which must be met. Due diligence must be completed. The transaction is expected to close during BHP’

Merger between Vodfone and Mannesmann

Merger between Vodfone and Mannesmann INTRODUCTION The case on merger between two competing firms- British telecommunication firm, Vodafone Airtouch and German cellular provider, Mannesmann AG- shall be my highlight of this report. In short, this case illustrates a hostile takeover by Vodafone. Vodafone initiates the merger as it sees it as an opportunity for the firm to expand in a rapidly changing communications technology environment in Europe at that point in time. Initially, Mannesmann rejected the proposal. However, in a twist of event, it was eventually left without a choice but to merger with Vodafone. Third parties were enraged as they view this move as anticompetitive. They argued that the merging entity would gain dominant market power, raise barriers to entry and reap economies to scale which they could only dream of. The case was brought forth to the European Commission which only allow for the merger to succeed after Mannesmann de-merge with Orange and also after Vodafone ensured that it will enable third party non-disc riminatory access to the merged entitys integrated network so as to provide advanced mobile services to their respective customers. The Commission viewed these undertakings as sufficient to remove the competition concerns linked to the inability of third parties to provide competitive seamless pan-European mobile services. In this report, Ill analyze the economic benefits, how merger impacts upon consumers and/or producers benefit, as well as, the total welfare. Ill also touch on how merger has the potential to reduce competition and finally, the reasoning of the competition authoritys decision that leads to the success of the merger. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The merger between Vodafone is Mannesmann is considered to be a horizontal one since both companies operates within telecommunication industry. The merger of the two entities reduces the number of competing firms by one and at the same time, increases the industrial concentration. In theory, a reduction in number of firms competing reduces supply whilst increasing prices of the good which is deemed to be harmful to consumers. The concept of improving/diminishing consumer surplus is further discussed later in the report. It is not always true that fewer firms and higher prices necessarily translate into higher profits for the merging firms. For instance, profitability of each firm is  ¼ in a four-firm industry. So, profits of two individual firms simply add up to  ½. Now, three firms remain after the merger of two. We observe a decline in profitability from  ½ to 1/3 for the merged firms. And although higher industrial concentration improves sales, this increase in sales is not enough to offset the rise in prices charged. Profitability still declines making the merging firms worse off. Thus, charging at price equals to marginal cost provides no incentive to merge unless all firms in the industry merge to form a monopoly. Having mentioned the above, merger doesnt only take place only when all firms merge. In reality, cases such as Vodafone/Mannesmann showed that mergers can lead to cost reduction. The efficiency that arises could be strong enough to drive this merger. Firms will want to produce at the minimum point of the AC curve where theyll be producing efficiently. They avoid duplication of fixed costs when they consolidate management and not employing two people to perform an identical task. By doing so, the firms are able to lower their cost of labour. In addition, both firms are only required to pay a fixed cost such as land and operating facilities, only once after the merger. Effectively, a cost saving of the fixed cost will increase profits, providing an incentive to merge especially when they increase their prices. Hence, the firms may do away with redundant labour, assets and facilities. As we know, a merger would lead to a rise in price as lesser firms are left competing in the industry. Firms are better off with a higher price imposed on consumers and when they gain from higher producer surplus. The opposite applies for consumers who are worse off when prices increase. When the increase in producer surplus outweighs the decrease in consumer surplus, total welfare is said to have increase. However, when the merger reduces marginal cost for Vodafone and Mannesmann, the merged firms may pass on such lower cost to their consumers in the form of lower prices. Lower prices are generally beneficial to consumers. As consumer surplus rise, there will be a subsequent increase in total welfare. Moreover, there might again be cost efficiencies which explain why merged firms can incur a lower marginal cost than the two pre-merger firms. Synergies can be easily exploited between the merging firms. Each firm knows what the other firm is capable of doing and thus, they only produce goods and services that give them the competitive advantage. Overall, a fall in marginal cost would mean cost saving that facilitates profitability. This profitability, in turn, promotes merger. Price, P P2 P1 = C1 C2 Demand, D 0 Q2 Q1 Quantity, Q Figure 1: Diagram illustrating welfare effects of a cost reducing merger (Adapted from lecture slides) From Figure 1, there is no producer surplus when price equals to cost (P1 = C1). Firms are only earning profits while producing at Q1. At this stage, consumer surplus resides in the area under the demand curve and above the C1 horizontal cost curve. After the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann, lesser firms are left competing and therefore, price increases from P1 to P2. Consumers are gradually worse off with the rise in price. Now, their surplus is reduced to the area under the demand curve and above P2. The area enclosed within P2, P1 and Q2 is the surplus that is transferred from consumer to producer. On the other hand, the triangular areas under the demand curve, but bounded within Q1, Q2 and P1 signifies the deadweight loss. This deadweight loss refers to the surplus that is no longer gained by consumers and producers. Concurrently, there could be synergies between the merging firms that enable cost saving. This cost efficiency lowers cost from C1 to C2. Firms are better off. As shown in Figure 1, the area enclosed within P2, C2 and Q2 represents total producer surplus after the merger. The area within C1, C2 and Q2 is the surplus gained by producers from synergy that render better opportunities to grow margins. Looking at the above, we see that it is beneficial for firms to merge as they incur producer surplus. Total surplus improves as a result of a rise in producer surplus. Moving on, we shall consider competition with regards to the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann. Assuming that theres no cost saving, a rise in price due to merger will ultimately erode consumer surplus substantially, to a point where losses to consumer outweigh gains to producers. From the producers point of view, this may provide an incentive for them to seek excuses to merge. They may falsify information to convince competition authorities to approve merger. Taking the impact of merger into account, competition authorities have to critically decide on whether to approve a merger especially those which involve large firms like Vodafone and Mannesmann. Such decision process will require them to get hold of accurate information which is not always easy to obtain. One main concerned of competition authorities is the size of the merged firm. Markets dominated by large firms tend to further inflate prices and force down consumers welfare. With reference to the case at hand, competition authorities were initially reluctant to grant merger to both firms. They were concerned that merger between the two large firms will turn out disastrous as they are already producing beyond Q* due to their sheer size. Approving their merger would only mean that these firms operate beyond the MES. Firms that merge at this stage face diseconomies of scale when cost is driven up as they continue to increase output along the AC curve. Cost, C Average Cost, AC MES 0 Q* Quantity, Q Figure 2: Diagram illustrating Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) on the AC curve. Rival firms strongly disapprove Vodafones proposal to merge with Mannesmann as they view the move as being anti-competitive. They argued that the merged entity will be able to provide exclusive services on a seamless basis because the merged entity has the integrated network that such services require. In the proposal, however, Vodafone claimed that if an interconnected network did develop it would not give rise to competition concerns, both because there will be scope for such networks to develop, and because there will be other routes for operators to ensure fair competition within the telecommunication industry. In any event, Vodafone considers that other operators will be in a position to provide seamless services on the same scope in the near future. COMPETITION AUTHORITIES DECISIONS The Commissions investigation has shown that with the complexities involved in agreeing on the modification on the existing network configuration, centralised management solutions and cost and profit allocation will make it exceedingly difficult for third parties to replicate. In addition to the uncertainty as to the replication of the merged entitys network by means of the right combination of mergers, this process would be extremely costly, time consuming and fraught with regulatory delays given the need for regulatory approval. This is supported by the significant number of failures over the past years in building similar solutions in related markets within the framework of joint ventures or strategic alliances. The merged entity would be the only mobile operator able to capture future growth through new customers who would be attracted by the seamless services offered by Vodafone/Mannesmann on its own network. Rival firms which could not offer a comparable service to attract enough market shares will find themselves losing out in the competition. Furthermore, given their inability to replicate the new entitys network, competitors will have, at best, i.e. if they are allowed access to Vodafones network at all, significant costs and performance/quality disadvantages given its dependency on Vodafone/Mannesmann. The merged entitys power to refuse third parties access to the its network or to allow access on terms and conditions entrench the merged entity into a dominant position and diminishes third party offerings. Whats more, customers would generally prefer Vodafone/Mannesmann to other mobile operators given its unrivalled possibility to provide advanced seamless services across Europe. This reinforces the merged entitys position in the industry as a dominant player. And through its unrivalled large customer base and position, Vodafone/Mannesmann will be in a unique bargaining power against handset manufacturers to negotiate design functionalities unavailable to competing operators. Customizing handsets make it more difficult for roamers from competing mobile operators to take advantage of the advanced pan-European services available over Vodafones network. Again, competitors lose out if the merger were to be approved. Upon investigation the Authorities revealed that the merged entity would face stiff competition from other operators and will not enjoy a dominant purchasing power in the long run. They agreed that the merged entity will be a strong buyer in the market for mobile handsets and network equipment, but there remain many other comparable incumbents competing in the market. So, the merged entity would not achieve the necessary buying power to become dominant on the market. In the light of the above the authorities concluded, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the notified transaction does not lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position in the global markets for mobile handset and mobile network equipment as a result of which effective competition would be significant impeded in those markets. Meaning to say, the authorities do not view the merger as a significant threat since its powers would have been neutralized by other relevant competitors within the industry. Further precautions were taken in ensuring fair competition within the industry as seen in the demerger of Orange with Mannesmann. This move aims at diluting the powers of Vodafone and Mannesmann after the approval of their merger. It is a well-received decision as it removes the competitive overlaps in the United Kingdom and Belgian markets of telecommunication services. Besides Vodafone has, on its own account, pledged to enable third party non-discriminatory access to the merger entitys integrated network that includes undertakings which cover exclusive roaming agreements, third parties access to roaming arrangements, third parties access to wholesale arrangements, standards and SIM-cards and a set of implementing measures aimed at ensuring their effectiveness. On top of that, it has proposed to set up a fast track dispute resolution procedure in order to solve disagreements in the mentioned aspects and also to reduce its anticompetitive stance. The undertakings as well as demerger is thought to be justifiable since it eliminates the competition concerns linked to the inability of third parties to provide similar competitive seamless pan-European mobile services. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Vodafones proposal to merge with Mannesmann is seen as an anticompetitive threat to other telecommunication service provider. Rival firms were concerned that the merger would bestow substantial market power to the merged entity. Thus, they were strongly against the merger proposal. However, after much consideration by the competition authorities, they concluded that the merger would not inflict much threat due to the presence of a number of strong, large and powerful buyers in the market which prevent Vodafone/Mannesmann from achieving dominant position on the provision of the related services. Moreover, the demerger of Orange with Mannesmann will erode market power of the merged entity. Furthermore, Vodafone submit undertakings that allow third parties access to its networks. Following the implementation of these undertakings, third parties will be in a position to offer competing advanced pan-European mobile services which also prevent the emergence of a dominant pos ition on the provision of these services. The possibility to offer similar services in competition with Vodafone will, in turn, also develop incentives for third parties to develop competing networks. Therefore, the authorities approved of the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann. To some extent, I disagree that the merger should be approved. The authorities argument that the presence of comparable incumbents will be sufficient in reducing market power of the merged entity comes across as weak to me. Only few of such incumbents operate within the telecommunication industry. Thus, its influence on the merged entitys market power is almost negligible. Vodafone/Mannesmann could still operate like a monopoly by setting high prices and reducing output while erecting barrier to entry to deter competition. Consumer welfare would be greatly harmed as a result of the merger. On the other hand, I support the merger as it encourages innovations. In todays competitive society, only the strongest emerge as champions. Therefore, rival firms may invest in Research and Development (RD) in creating an innovative communicative technology or network system that gives it a competitive edge over Vodafone/Mannesmann existing resources. This encourages a forward-looking competitive that benefits society as a whole. Producers gain as it may develop ideas to increase efficiency while consumers may gain from perhaps cheaper pricing that is passed on to them from lower production cost incurred by producers. APPENDICES European Competition Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m1795_en.pdf, assessed on 11 November 2010 Kendall (2010), Markets, Competition and Regulation Lecture Notes Session 8: Mergers; and Session 9: Competition Policy Merger Control and Remedies Policy in the E.U and U.S: the case of Telecommunications Mergers, http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Documents/GLB-TelecomMergerRemedies.pdf, assessed on 12 November 2010 United Kingdom Competition Commission, http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/2003/475mobilephones.htm#full, accessed on 15 November 2010 Europa Press Release Rapid Commission clears merger between Vodafone Airtouch and Mannesmann AG with conditions, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/00/373 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/630166.stm, assessed on 16 November 2010

Human Resources Testing of Candidates Essay -- HR Human Resources

Introduction Among some of the most critical decision that human resource has to make is the biggest decision to hire the right person for the job. After the initial application and interviewing has been done, HR has a potential candidate; they must conduct an application screening. I will discuss HR process of testing application on their ability to perform the job and credit reports use to determine if the candidate is a good or bad candidate to hire. Testing The question is what test does HR use? There are so many test programs available that are design to test a variety of assessments, testing employees have become over whelming for HR. There is no one test that can determine if HR has chosen the right candidate. If a candidate cogent to pass the test, it will not show what kind of work habits, reliability, trustworthiness, honesty, leadership, ardent or level of stress that a candidate can tolerate. The selection of test has to fit the job description that a candidate is applying for. For example: if a candidate is applying for administrative job ; there selection would be a typing test or aptitude test, stress test, construction worker would take a test on math , financing person would take a test math, behavioral Test result defines candidate skills to see if they can do the job. The more in depth organizations dig into candidate ability to undercover the skill the more it will cost the organization. Because there are so many te st available HR has to take into an account that multi testing candidates’ will cost an organizations millions of dollars. The least cost effective ways to test potential candidates’, using paper and pencil, highly technology software testing cost millions of dollars especially if an... ...said, "because they need the job." Conclusion HR is responsible for making sure that potential candidates go through an application screening, testing and credit check before they are hired. It is important to make sure that the right candidates are hired by using the most cost effective testing tools to determine application, interview and references to determine if their are the right candidate. Works Cited Osborne, J E. (1996, December). Improving hiring decisions: Employee testing of candidates. Getting Results ... for the Hands - On Manager, 41(12), 6-7. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 10508917). Thomas Frank. (2009, February 13). Job credit checks called unfair :Needy hurt most; 5 states eye limits. USA TODAY,p. A.1. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1645005741).